Sexual Violence in History: A Bibliography

compiled by Stefan Blaschke

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Start: Topical Index: Types: Sexual Assault: Wartime Sexual Violence:

Types: Sexual Assault:
WARTIME SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN THE ANTIQUITY

[Site] General

[Info] Gaca, Kathy. »Sexual Acts of War in Antiquity.« 136th Annual Meeting of the American Philological Association. Boston 2005.

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »The Methods and Magnitude of Female Sexual Subjugation through Ancient Warfare.« 138th Annual Meeting of the American Philological Association. San Diego 2007.

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »Warfare and Sexual Enslavement in Antiquity and the Modern Day.« Nashville Public Library. Nashville 2009.

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »Gods and Plundered Bodies: The Sexual Enslavement of War Captives in Antiquity and its Ambivalent Religious Significance.« Classics Department, Stanford University. Stanford 2010.

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »Teaching about Mass Rape in Ancient and Modern Warfare.« 141st Annual Meeting of the American Philological Association. Anaheim 2010.

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »Sexual Warfare Against Girls and Women in Classical Antiquity.« Classics Department, University of California at Los Angeles. Los Angeles 2011.


[Site] Assyrian History

[Info] Clancier, Philippe. »Hommes guerriers et femmes invisibles: Le choix des scribes dans le Proche-Orient ancien.« Clio No. 39 (2014): 19-36.

[Info] Clancier, Philippe. »Warlike men and invisible women: how scribes in the Ancient Near East represented warfare.« Clio No. 39 (2014): 17-34.

[Info] Fuchs, Andreas. »Waren die Assyrer grausam?« Extreme Formen von Gewalt in Bild und Text des Altertums. Edited by Martin Zimmermann. Munich 2009: 65-119.


[Site] Chinese History

Cases: Wars: Conflicts during the Chinese Spring and Autumn Period


[Site] Egyptian History

[Info] Lang, Mabel L. »War and the rape-motif or why did the Cambyses invade Egypt?« Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 116 (1972): 410-414.


[Site] Etruscan History

[Info] Pirson, Felix. »Zur Funktion extremer Gewalt in Kampfdarstellungen der hellenistischen Sepulkralkunst Etruriens.« Extreme Formen von Gewalt in Bild und Text des Altertums. Munich 2009: 231-256.


[Site] Greek History

Wars: Trojan War, Peloponnesian War

[Info] Antela-Bernárdez, Borja. »Vencidas, Violadas, Vendidas: Mujeres Griegas y Violencia Sexual en Asedios Romanos.« Klio 90 (2008): 307-322.

[Info] Chrystal, Paul. Women at War in the Classical World. Barnsley 2017.

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »The Coverage of Wartime Rape in Greek Historiography.« 135th Annual Meeting of the American Philological Association. San Francisco 2004.

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »Mass Rape, its Modes of Warfare, and Ethnic Diversity by the Spear in Ancient Greece.« Symposium on Immigrants and Refugees in Greece and Southeast Europe. Urbana-Champaign 2010.

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »Telling the Girls from the Boys and Children: Interpreting ?????? in the Sexual Violence of Populace-Ravaging Ancient Warfare.« Illinois Classical Studies No. 35-36 (2010-11): 85-109.

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »Girls, Women, and the Significance of Sexual Violence in Ancient Warfare.« Sexual Violence in Conflict Zones: From the Ancient World to the Era of Human Rights. Edited by Elizabeth D. Heineman. Philadelphia 2011: 73-88.

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »Martial Rape, Pulsating Fear, and the Sexual Maltreatment of Girls (??????), Virgins (????????), and Women (????????) in Antiquity.« American Journal of Philology 135 (2014): 303-357.

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »Ancient warfare and the ravaging martial rape of girls and women: Evidence from Homeric epic and Greek drama.« Sex in Antiquity: Exploring Gender and Sexuality in the Ancient World. Edited Mark Masterson et al. New York 2015: 278-297.

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »Martial Religion, Ravaging Warfare, and Rape: Polytheistic Greek and Monotheistic Israelite Views.« Feminism and Religion: How Faiths View Women and Their Rights. Edited by Michele A. Paludi et al. Santa Barbara 2016: 173-204.

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »The Marital Rape of Girls and Women in Antiquity and Modernity.« The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Conflict. Edited by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin et al. Oxford 2018: 306-315.

[Info] Kalashnikov, Antony. »Treatment of Captives in Ancient Greek Warfare: A Vicious Circle.« Vexillum 3 (2013).

[Info] Leitao, David D. »Sexuality in Greek and Roman Military Contexts.« A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities. Edited by Thomas K. Hubbard. Oxford 2014: 230-243.

[Info] Martinez Morales, Jennifer. Women and War in Classical Greece. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015.

[Info] Schaps, David. »The women of Greece in wartime.« Classical philology 77 (1982): 193-213.

[Info] Vikman, Elisabeth. »Ancient Origins: Sexual Violence in Warfare, Part I.« Anthropology & Medicine 12 (2005): 21-31.

[Info] Walcot, Peter. »Herodotus on Rape.« Arethusa 11 (1978): 137-147.


[Site] Israelite History

[Info] Appler, Deborah A. »“May Your Allies Be Like the Sun, Rising in Its Strength": Female Collusion in the Context of the Song of Deborah, Slavery, and the #metoo Movement.« Annual Meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature. Denver 2018.

[Info] Brooks Thistlethwaite, Susan. »"You may enjoy the spoil of your enemies". Rape as a biblical metaphor for war.« Semeia 61 (1993): 59-75.

[Info] Clark, Ron. »Your Warriors Will Become Women: The Feminization of Exiles, Captives, and Survivors in Ancient Jehud.« Annual Meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature. Chicago 2012.

[Info] Elman, Pearl. »Deuteronomy 21:10-14. The beautiful captive woman.« Women in Judaism 1 (1997).

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »Girls, Women, and the Sexual Laws of War in the Old Testament.« Annual Meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature. Philadelphia 2005.

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »The Old Testament Prophets on the Other Half of Ancient Warfare.« Annual Meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature. Washington, D.C. 2006.

[Info] Gordon, Pamela. »Rape as a military metaphor in the Hebrew Bible.« A feminist companion to Exodus to Deuteronomy. Edited by Athalya Brenner. Sheffield 1995: 308-325.

[Info] Keefe, Alice A. »Rapes of women, wars of men.« Semeia 61 (1993): 79-97.

[Info] Kruger, Paul A. »Women and War Brutalities in the Minor Prophets: The Case of Rape.« Old Testament Essays 27 (2014): 147-176.

[Info] Reeder, Caryn A. »Deuteronomy 21.10-14 and/as Wartime Rape.« Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 41 (2017): 313-336.

[Info] Vikman, Elisabeth. »Ancient Origins: Sexual Violence in Warfare, Part I.« Anthropology & Medicine 12 (2005): 21-31.

[Info] Washington, Harold C. »Violence and the construction of gender in the Hebrew Bible. A new historicist approach.« Biblical interpretation 5 (1997): 324-363.


[Site] Ancient Near Eastern History

[Info] Belser, Julia W. »Sex in the Shadow of Rome: Sexual Violence and Theological Lament in Talmudic Disaster Tales.« Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 30 (2014): 5-24.

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »Martial Religion, Ravaging Warfare, and Rape: Polytheistic Greek and Monotheistic Israelite Views.« Feminism and Religion: How Faiths View Women and Their Rights. Edited by Michele A. Paludi et al. Santa Barbara 2016: 173-204.


[Site] Persian History

[Info] Lang, Mabel L. »War and the rape-motif or why did the Cambyses invade Egypt?« Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 116 (1972): 410-414.

[Info] Vikman, Elisabeth. »Ancient Origins: Sexual Violence in Warfare, Part I.« Anthropology & Medicine 12 (2005): 21-31.

[Info] Walcot, Peter. »Herodotus on Rape.« Arethusa 11 (1978): 137-147.


[Site] Roman History

Wars: First Servile War, Second Servile War, Third Servile War, First Jewish-Roman War, Sack of Rome (410)

[Info] Antela-Bernárdez, Borja. »Vencidas, Violadas, Vendidas: Mujeres Griegas y Violencia Sexual en Asedios Romanos.« Klio 90 (2008): 307-322.

[Info] Belser, Julia W. »Sex in the Shadow of Rome: Sexual Violence and Theological Lament in Talmudic Disaster Tales.« Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 30 (2014): 5-24.

[Info] Boumehache Erjali, Hatin, et al. »Women Facing the Roman Soldiers: Narrative Strategies of Resitance & Attempted Rape During the Roman Mediterranean Expansion (III-II BC).« Ancient Rape Cultures: Greek, Roman, Jewish, Christian: International Conference Rome 2022.

[Info] Chrystal, Paul. Women at War in the Classical World. Barnsley 2017.

[Info] Gaca, Kathy L. »Girls, Women, and the Significance of Sexual Violence in Ancient Warfare.« Sexual Violence in Conflict Zones: From the Ancient World to the Era of Human Rights. Edited by Elizabeth D. Heineman. Philadelphia 2011: 73-88.

[Info] Johnson, Marguerite. »Rape, warfare, colonialism, revenge: Jane Holland's Boudicca & CoRape in Antiquity: 20 years on. London 2017.

[Info] Keen, Tony. »The rape of Boudicca and her daughters on screen.« Rape in Antiquity: 20 years on. London 2017.

[Info] Leitao, David D. »Sexuality in Greek and Roman Military Contexts.« A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities. Edited by Thomas K. Hubbard. Oxford 2014: 230-243.

[Info] Madden, Kelsey. »Identifying the Traffic of Captive Women in Roman Conquest Iconography: A Multidisciplinary Approach.« Ancient Rape Cultures: Greek, Roman, Jewish, Christian: International Conference Rome 2022.

[Info] Vihervalli, Ulriika. »Against bishops's will? Dynamics of wartime rape in the fifth century west.« Rape in Antiquity: 20 years on. London 2017.

[Info] Vikman, Elisabeth. »Ancient Origins: Sexual Violence in Warfare, Part I.« Anthropology & Medicine 12 (2005): 21-31.

[Info] Wierschowski, Lothar. »"Nicht Geschlecht, nicht Alter fanden Mitleid". Eroberung, Plünderung, Gewaltätigkeit römischer Legionäre.« Praxis Geschichte 11 (1998): 26-29.